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I compiled some programming language popularity statistics in April 2009, October 2009, October 2010, September 2011 and August 2012 . Here’s an update for February 2013:
I made a number of Google searches of the forms below and summed the results:
"implemented in <language>" "written in <language>"
Naturally this is of very limited utility, and the numbers are only useful when comparing relatively within the same search since the number of results Google returns can vary greatly over time.
I’ve divided the table into sections based on large percentage drops from one language to the next.
|------+-----------------+------------+----------+-------+------------| | Rank | Language | # Search| Previous | Rank | Delta from | | | | Results| Rank | Delta | Apr '09 | |------+-----------------+------------+----------+-------+------------| | 1 | PHP | 52,699,000| 1 | | 3 | | 2 | C | 39,330,000| 2 | | -1 | | 3 | C++ | 26,490,000| 4 | 1 | | | 4 | Python | 22,410,000| 3 | -1 | 1 | | 5 | C# | 21,474,000| 5 | | 2 | |------+-----------------+------------+----------+-------+------------| | 6 | Perl | 11,013,000| 8 | 2 | | | 7 | Java | 10,150,000| 6 | -1 | -5 | | 8 | JavaScript | 7,340,000| 9 | 1 | 1 | |------+-----------------+------------+----------+-------+------------| | 9 | Ruby | 3,456,000| 7 | -2 | 1 | | 10 | Lisp Family (1) | 2,955,000| 10 | | -2 | | 11 | FORTRAN | 2,256,000| 11 | | N/A | | 12 | Lisp | 1,708,000| 17 | 5 | | | 13 | R | 1,305,000| 21 | 8 | N/A | | 14 | Tcl | 1,072,100| 13 | -1 | -1 | | 15 | Lua | 1,011,000| 19 | 4 | 5 | | 16 | ML Family (2) | 988,400| 16 | | -2 | | 17 | Erlang | 842,000| 18 | 1 | -1 | | 18 | COBOL | 729,200| 23 | 5 | N/A | | 19 | Haskell | 707,000| 12 | -7 | -4 | | 20 | Common Lisp | 557,000| 20 | | -2 | | 21 | OCaml | 528,000| 24 | 3 | -4 | | 22 | Prolog | 521,000| 25 | 3 | -3 | | 23 | (S)ML (3) | 496,800| 27 | 4 | 1 | | 24 | Scala | 426,100| 22 | -2 | 1 | | 25 | Scheme | 347,000| 28 | 3 | -14 | | 26 | Groovy | 320,000| 14 | -12 | N/A | |------+-----------------+------------+----------+-------+------------| | 27 | Smalltalk | 201,400| 29 | 2 | -6 | | 28 | Go | 201,200| 15 | -13 | N/A | | 29 | CoffeeScript | 182,800| 31 | 2 | N/A | | 30 | Clojure | 173,100| 30 | | -2 | | 31 | Forth | 128,800| 26 | -5 | -8 | | 32 | Caml | 102,600| 34 | 2 | -6 | | 33 | Racket | 93,500| 33 | | N/A | | 34 | Arc | 76,400| 32 | -2 | -12 | | 35 | Io | 60,200| 35 | | -8 | |------+-----------------+------------+----------+-------+------------|
(1) combines Lisp, Scheme, Common Lisp, Racket, Arc & Clojure
(2) combines OCaml, (S)ML, Caml
(3) summed separate searches for standard ml, sml & ml
I compiled some programming language popularity statistics in April 2009, October 2009, October 2010 and September 2011 . Here’s an update for August 2012:
I made a number of Google searches of the forms below and summed the results (some earlier posts averaged the results):
"implemented in <language>" "written in <language>"
Naturally this is of very limited utility, and the numbers are only useful when comparing relatively within the same search since the number of results Google returns can vary greatly over time.
While formatting the table, I noticed there was a fairly natural break into three sections. Languages more popular than FORTRAN, languages between FORTRAN and COBOL and languages less popular than COBOL, so I highlighted the three sections 
. I’m curious to see if any languages jump into a higher or lower section next time.
I also switched from HTML to using Emacs org-mode to create a textual table since the latter is so much nicer to deal with.
Update 8/5/12: Someone on the TriFunc mailing list mentioned the omission of Groovy. I don’t feel like updating the table, but I’ll record the total number of results here to allow for a comparison next time. Groovy came in at 460,300 results which puts it above Go and in the middle section.
|----+-----------------+------------+----------+----------+------------| | | Language | # Search | Previous | Position | Delta from | | | | Results | Position | Delta | Apr '09 | |----+-----------------+------------+----------+----------+------------| | 1 | PHP | 21,120,000 | 2 | 1 | 3 | | 2 | C | 15,440,000 | 1 | -1 | -1 | | 3 | Python | 11,441,000 | 4 | 1 | 2 | | 4 | C++ | 9,788,000 | 3 | -1 | -1 | | 5 | C# | 8,319,000 | 5 | 0 | 2 | | 6 | Java | 6,020,000 | 6 | 0 | -4 | | 7 | Ruby | 4,784,000 | 9 | 2 | 3 | | 8 | Perl | 4,183,000 | 7 | -1 | -2 | | 9 | JavaScript | 3,117,000 | 8 | -1 | 0 | | 10 | Lisp Family (1) | 898,680 | 10 | 0 | -2 | |----+-----------------+------------+----------+----------+------------| | 11 | FORTRAN | 795,500 | 11 | 0 | N/A | |----+-----------------+------------+----------+----------+------------| | 12 | Haskell | 490,000 | 14 | 2 | 3 | | 13 | Tcl | 476,000 | 12 | -1 | 0 | | 14 | Go | 391,100 | N/A | N/A | N/A | | 15 | ML Family (2) | 375,780 | 17 | 2 | -1 | | 16 | Lisp | 352,000 | 13 | -3 | -4 | | 17 | Erlang | 334,000 | 15 | -2 | -1 | | 18 | Lua | 304,000 | 16 | -2 | 2 | | 19 | Common Lisp | 256,000 | 19 | 0 | -1 | | 20 | R | 221,000 | N/A | N/A | N/A | | 21 | Scala | 219,000 | 22 | 1 | 4 | |----+-----------------+------------+----------+----------+------------| | 22 | COBOL | 218,600 | 18 | -4 | N/A | |----+-----------------+------------+----------+----------+------------| | 23 | OCaml | 181,100 | 20 | -3 | -6 | | 24 | Prolog | 176,300 | 21 | -3 | -5 | | 25 | Forth | 168,700 | 27 | 2 | -2 | | 26 | (S)ML (3) | 159,700 | 26 | 0 | -2 | | 27 | Scheme | 135,500 | 23 | -4 | -16 | | 28 | Smalltalk | 114,500 | 24 | -4 | -7 | | 29 | Clojure | 74,500 | 25 | -4 | 0 | | 30 | CoffeeScript | 68,660 | N/A | N/A | N/A | | 31 | Arc | 40,990 | 30 | -1 | -9 | | 32 | Racket | 39,690 | N/A | N/A | N/A | | 33 | Caml | 34,980 | 28 | -5 | -7 | | 34 | Io | 23,110 | 29 | -5 | -7 | |----+-----------------+------------+----------+----------+------------|
(1) combines Lisp, Scheme, Common Lisp, Racket, Arc & Clojure
(2) combines OCaml, (S)ML, Caml
(3) summed separate searches for standard ml, sml & ml
See Part Five
I compiled some programming language popularity statistics in April 2009, October 2009 and October 2010 . Here’s an update for September 2011:
I made a number of Google searches of the forms below and summed the results (previous posts averaged the results):
"implemented in <language>" "written in <language>"
Naturally this is of very limited utility, and the numbers are only useful when comparing relatively within the same search since the number of results Google returns can vary greatly over time.
| Language | Total | Prev. Position | Position Delta |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | 10,360,000 | 2 | 1 |
| PHP | 10,351,000 | 1 | -1 |
| C++ | 6,495,000 | 3 | 0 |
| Python | 5,759,000 | 5 | 1 |
| C# | 5,335,000 | 4 | -1 |
| Java | 4,890,000 | 8 | 2 |
| Perl | 3,702,000 | 6 | -1 |
| JavaScript | 3,077,000 | 7 | -1 |
| Ruby | 1,654,000 | 9 | 0 |
| Lisp Family1 | 1,022,870 | 11 | 1 |
| FORTRAN | 975,600 | 10 | -1 |
| Tcl | 594,500 | 12 | 0 |
| Lisp | 486,000 | 14 | 1 |
| Haskell | 450,500 | 16 | 2 |
| Erlang | 419,700 | 13 | -2 |
| Lua | 367,100 | 18 | 2 |
| ML Family2 | 348,400 | 17 | 0 |
| COBOL | 308,270 | 15 | -3 |
| Common Lisp | 254,900 | 19 | 0 |
| OCaml | 240,300 | 21 | 1 |
| Prolog | 224,000 | 20 | -1 |
| Scala | 203,400 | 23 | 1 |
| Scheme | 184,700 | 22 | -1 |
| Smalltalk | 129,700 | 24 | 0 |
| Clojure | 84,600 | 27 | 2 |
| (S)ML3 | 83,630 | 25 | -1 |
| Forth | 69,980 | 26 | -1 |
| Caml | 24,470 | 28 | 0 |
| Io | 17,700 | 30 | 1 |
| Arc | 12,670 | 29 | -1 |
1 combines Lisp, Scheme, Common Lisp, Arc & Clojure
2 combines OCaml, (S)ML, Caml
3 summed separate searches for sml and ml
See Part Five
I compiled some programming language popularity statistics in April 2009 and October 2009 . Here’s an update for October 2010:
I made a number of Google searches of the forms below and averaged the results:
"implemented in <language>" "written in <language>"
Naturally this is of very limited utility, and the numbers are only useful when comparing relatively within one column since the number of results Google returns can vary greatly over time.
| Language | Apr 2009 | Oct 2009 | Oct 2010 | Position Delta |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHP | 680,000 | 5,083,500 | 14,096,000 | +3 |
| C | 1,905,500 | 16,975,000 | 9,675,000 | -1 |
| C++ | 699,000 | 6,270,000 | 6,510,000 | -1 |
| C# | 349,700 | 2,125,000 | 5,132,000 | +4 |
| Python | 396,000 | 3,407,000 | 5,114,500 | +1 |
| Perl | 365,500 | 3,132,500 | 4,675,000 | +1 |
| JavaScript | 102,700 | 1,163,000 | 2,120,000 | +4 |
| Java | 850,000 | 5,118,000 | 1,495,500 | -5 |
| Ruby | 99,650 | 227,000 | 1,426,000 | +13 |
| FORTRAN | 1,621,000 | 770,850 | 0 | |
| Lisp Family1 | 176,507 | 3,489,650 | 399,685 | -6 |
| Tcl | 44,800 | 382,000 | 313,400 | +5 |
| Erlang | 22,285 | 161,700 | 188,800 | +12 |
| Lisp | 61,900 | 486,500 | 174,050 | +1 |
| COBOL | 247,300 | 166,435 | +6 | |
| Haskell | 22,550 | 280,500 | 157,150 | +4 |
| ML Family2 | 29,062 | 1,003,800 | 149,005 | -5 |
| Lua | 13,065 | 131,800 | 128,150 | +9 |
| Common Lisp | 20,600 | 554,500 | 112,750 | -5 |
| Prolog | 17,750 | 390,500 | 100,000 | -4 |
| OCaml | 22,000 | 343,500 | 99,050 | -3 |
| Scheme | 86,450 | 2,100,000 | 82,650 | -13 |
| Scala | 3,570 | 66,250 | 65,950 | +6 |
| Smalltalk | 9,105 | 187,500 | 56,950 | 0 |
| (S)ML3 | 5,173 | 590,700 | 42,130 | -12 |
| Forth | 6,465 | 146,450 | 25,880 | 0 |
| Clojure | 782 | 62,200 | 23,525 | +3 |
| Caml | 1,889 | 69,600 | 7,825 | 0 |
| Arc | 6,775 | 286,500 | 6,710 | -10 |
| Io | 1,760 | 198,500 | 3,025 | -7 |
1 combines Lisp, Scheme, Common Lisp, Arc & Clojure
2 combines OCaml, (S)ML, Caml
3 summed separate searches for sml and ml
See Part Five
I compiled some programming language popularity statistics in April and mentioned I’d update the results in 6 months, so here they are:
I made a number of Google searches of the forms below and averaged the results:
"implemented in <language>" "written in <language>"
| Language | # Results Apr 09 |
# Results Oct 09 |
Position Delta |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | 1,905,500 | 16,975,000 | 0 |
| C++ | 699,000 | 6,270,000 | +1 |
| Java | 850,000 | 5,118,000 | -1 |
| PHP | 680,000 | 5,083,500 | 0 |
| Lisp Family1 | 176,507 | 3,489,650 | +3 |
| Python | 396,000 | 3,407,000 | -1 |
| Perl | 365,500 | 3,132,500 | -1 |
| C# | 349,700 | 2,125,000 | -1 |
| Scheme | 86,450 | 2,100,000 | +2 |
| FORTRAN | 1,621,000 | N/A | |
| JavaScript | 102,700 | 1,163,000 | -1 |
| ML Family2 | 29,062 | 1,003,800 | +3 |
| (S)ML3 | 5,173 | 590,700 | +12 |
| Common Lisp | 20,600 | 554,500 | +5 |
| Lisp | 61,900 | 486,500 | -2 |
| Prolog | 17,750 | 390,500 | +4 |
| Tcl | 44,800 | 382,000 | -3 |
| OCaml | 22,000 | 343,500 | 0 |
| Arc | 6,775 | 286,500 | +4 |
| Haskell | 22,550 | 280,500 | -4 |
| COBOL | 247,300 | N/A | |
| Ruby | 99,650 | 227,000 | -10 |
| Io | 1,760 | 198,500 | +6 |
| Smalltalk | 9,105 | 187,500 | -1 |
| Erlang | 22,285 | 161,700 | -7 |
| Forth | 6,465 | 146,450 | -1 |
| Lua | 13,065 | 131,800 | -5 |
| Caml | 1,889 | 69,600 | 0 |
| Scala | 3,570 | 66,250 | -2 |
| Clojure | 782 | 62,200 | 0 |
1 combines Lisp, Scheme, Common Lisp, Arc & Clojure
2 combines OCaml, (S)ML, Caml
3 summed separate searches for sml and ml
I first became interested in functional programming when I was exposed to Python, Ruby & JavaScript a number of years ago. Since then I’ve looked into Arc, Clojure, Common Lisp, Haskell, Logo, ML & Scheme. I haven’t yet determined whether I’ll be more productive in any of them than I am with Ruby for developing web applications, but I do find them quite interesting.
After bumping into a number of local programmers who expressed an interest in functional programming, I thought it might be a good time to start a local group that focused on functional programming languages, so I did a couple days ago.
TriFunc.org is a group for programmers who are interested in functional programming languages and live near the Research Triangle area of North Carolina.
If you live in the area and have an interest in functional programming languages, feel free to dive in and start participating in the Google Group discussions. Once we reach a critical mass, I expect we’ll produce a meeting schedule, etc., but that will depend on where the group wants to take this.
See Part Five
Despite the numerous ways in existence to quantify programming language popularity, I thought I’d throw yet another one into the mix. I made a number of Google searches of the forms below and averaged the results:
"implemented in <language>" "written in <language>"
I’m very curious to see how these stats change over time, so I’ve added a calendar item to recompute them in six months. Leave a comment if you’d like to add a programming language to the list, and I’ll update this article and it will be included in the recomputation six months from now.
| Language | # Results |
|---|---|
| C | 1,905,500 |
| Java | 850,000 |
| C++ | 699,000 |
| PHP | 680,000 |
| Python | 396,000 |
| Perl | 365,500 |
| C# | 349,700 |
| Lisp Family1 | 176,507 |
| JavaScript | 102,700 |
| Ruby | 99,650 |
| Scheme | 86,450 |
| Lisp | 61,900 |
| Tcl | 44,800 |
| ML Family2 | 29,062 |
| Haskell | 22,550 |
| Erlang | 22,285 |
| OCaml | 22,000 |
| Common Lisp | 20,600 |
| Prolog | 17,750 |
| Lua | 13,065 |
| Smalltalk | 9,105 |
| Arc | 6,775 |
| Forth | 6,465 |
| (S)ML3 | 5,173 |
| Scala | 3,570 |
| Caml | 1,889 |
| Io | 1,760 |
| Clojure | 782 |
1 combines Lisp, Scheme, Common Lisp, Arc & Clojure
2 combines OCaml, (S)ML, Caml
3 summed separate searches for sml and ml
Update 4/23/09 added C#, Tcl per comment requests.
I just finished “jQuery in Action” by Bear Bibeault and Yehuda Katz. It’s an excellent book on the jQuery JavaScript library. The book comes with a number of example labs to try out various jQuery/JavaScript techniques w/o having to write a lot of code.
There’s plenty of jQuery information online, but “jQuery in Action” easily paid for itself in saved time in getting me up to speed quickly. It’s nicely organized, well written and the editing/quality control seems to be higher than many tech books (although that bar isn’t very high!). It also has a brief, 20 page, tutorial on JavaScript that you may find helpful.
jQuery may not satisfy the zealots on comp.lang.javascript, but I’ve found it to be an excellent JavaScript library thus far, and I think this book was the fastest way to becoming proficient.
I’ve learned a number of programming languages since I began programming 25 years ago. Earlier in my career, my choice of which programming language to learn was largely driven by external factors such as a class or job requirement, or the expectation of job demand in the future.
More recently I’ve enjoyed learning new programming languages both for the joy of learning something new, and for an increase in productivity.
While it’s true that no programming language is a silver bullet, I’ve found that the choice of programming language can provide a dramatic increase in productivity – much more so than many have asserted. The benefit can be direct, by allowing the creation of a solution to a particular problem with less time and effort than it would take using another language, or it can be an indirect by providing new ways to think about a solution.
Do you think language affects how we think?
The Past
In 1982, I spotted a Radio Shack Color Computer in a store window and immediately applied for a Radio Shack credit card which had a credit limit ($500) sufficient to purchase the computer which had 4K of RAM (I later upgraded to 16K) and no external storage (unless you count the ability to hook up a cassette recorder). Contrast the 16K RAM of that early machine with my current 2,097,152K RAM
That was the beginning of a life long interest in programming.
In the language list below, bold indicates a more significant professional involvement, and the year indicates when I first learned the language. I’ve also likely forgotten a few:
- 1982 – Radio Shack Extended Color BASIC
- 1983 – 6809e Assembler
- 1983 – Pascal
- 1984 – HP 48SX RPL
- 1984 – S/360 Assembler
- 1985 – COBOL
- 1985 – dBase III / Metafile
- 1985 – C
- 1985 – 8088/8086 Assembler
- 1986 – C++
- 1996 – Java
- 1997 – Perl
- 2002 – C#
- 2004 – Python
- 2005 – JavaScript
- 2006 – Ruby
- 2007 – PHP
The Present
Currently, I program primarily in Ruby, followed by JavaScript and the occasional PHP script. Ruby is the most productive programming language I’ve used thus far. The combination of power, pragmatism & pleasure in programming is hard to beat. If it also had performance, it would be a truly great language.
I’ve also begun learning Logo as I teach my daughter how to program. Logo is a great introduction to the Lisp family, so I hope to leverage it as I learn Scheme and Common Lisp later this year.
The Future
After completing the Logo course with my daughter, I plan on moving on to Scheme as I go through Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs which some have called the greatest computer science text ever written.
After Scheme I plan on learning Common Lisp which has the potential to replace Ruby as my primary programming language.
Beyond Logo/Scheme/Common Lisp, the following languages are of interest:
- Haskell
- Erlang
- Lua
- ML
- OCaml
If you know of candidates for a future programming language, feel free to add it in a comment.
You may notice that Smalltalk is lacking from the lists above. Despite its prominence in programming language history, I currently don’t feel that Smalltalk is sufficiently better/different than Ruby to warrant an investment in learning it.
After focusing on object oriented for twenty years, I have more of an interest in the functional world of programming languages (and multiple dispatch is cool ).
Update: I was just over at Hacker News and saw something I’ve seen many times before. In a nutshell, some guy was stating that Paul Graham’s success with ViaWeb had little to do with his choice of programming language (Lisp) and more to do with him just being a good hacker. In other words, he could’ve written it in any language. I’m so glad Paul responded because his response confirms my thoughts on the matter:
What a weird situation. I keep trying to tell people Lisp is great, and they say, no, no, you guys were just really good programmers. But if I’m such a good programmer, why don’t they believe me?
Paul Graham has written a lot on Lisp and is one of the main factors in me becoming interested in Lisp (along with the fact that Ruby pulled a lot of good ideas from it), but the simple quote above communicates volumes IMO.
I was reading an article about adding code to JavaScript to make it more functional, and one of the blog commenters mentioned some built-in features that were added to JavaScript 1.6 & 1.7 on Firefox, so I checked out the links (see below) – very cool stuff.
-
Array methods
- indexOf
- lastIndexOf
- every
- filter
- forEach
- map
- some
- Array & String generics
- Generators & Iterators
- Array Comprehensions
- Block Scope w/ let
- Destructuring Assignment
- etc.
They won’t help if you have to target IE also, but it should be possible to conditionally include your own code to implement the ones that don’t require syntactic changes for pages loaded from IE. That would reduce network load for customers using Firefox.
New in JavaScript 1.6 (Firefox 1.5)
New in JavaScript 1.7 (Firefox 2.0)
Hopefully IE will catch up someday, but if not, I can see taking advantage of Firefox specific JavaScript enhancements for niche applications. Firefox is so easy to install, that it should be easy to convince customers to use it for certain custom applications.
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